When asked to visualize what a plant is, many of us picture sun flower or mango tree. We think of "plants" as having roots, a stem (or trunk), flowers, fruit, and seeds. Most of us do not automatically think of the plants that grow on rocks, rooftops, the wall of some home, and any other damp and shady area; however, this unusual plants are exists. Their leaves are mostly one cell thick, they have no true roots, stems, flowers, or fruit, and instead of seeds they have spores. "They" are the mosses; the plants we see forming "green carpets" with thin wiry upright stems supporting a brown capsule that appears to be wearing a hat.
The plant kingdom includes seed plants, ferns and mosses. Plants can have one cell or many cells. Their cells are eukaryotes and have cell wall. Plants make their own food (autotroph) by producing simple sugars through a chemical process called photosynthesis. Most of the food produced by plants is made in the leaves. The leaves provide ample surface area for the absorption of light energy and contain many chloroplasts and it is in the chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs.
The plant kingdom includes one celled organisms (diatoms) as well as complex organisms like angiosperms. Some plants and trees have vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) or well-developed conducting tissue through which water and nutrients are transported to various parts of the plant. “Xylem” (water carrying stem tissues) and “Phloem” (nutrient and carbohydrate carrying stem tissues) plants are called “vascular plants”. Other plants are non-vascular (bryophytes) and do not possess internal transport systems. Vascular plants, however, live on land and possess special features adapted to this environment such as roots, stems and leaves.
The plant kingdom includes seed plants, ferns and mosses. Plants can have one cell or many cells. Their cells are eukaryotes and have cell wall. Plants make their own food (autotroph) by producing simple sugars through a chemical process called photosynthesis. Most of the food produced by plants is made in the leaves. The leaves provide ample surface area for the absorption of light energy and contain many chloroplasts and it is in the chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs.
The plant kingdom includes one celled organisms (diatoms) as well as complex organisms like angiosperms. Some plants and trees have vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) or well-developed conducting tissue through which water and nutrients are transported to various parts of the plant. “Xylem” (water carrying stem tissues) and “Phloem” (nutrient and carbohydrate carrying stem tissues) plants are called “vascular plants”. Other plants are non-vascular (bryophytes) and do not possess internal transport systems. Vascular plants, however, live on land and possess special features adapted to this environment such as roots, stems and leaves.
Mosses (Bryophyta)
They have no vascular system so must directly absorb water from the soil. Mosses have root-like rhizoids (rhizo = root; -oid = like, form) and leaf-like structures, but these are not true roots/leaves because they have no vascular system. Mosses reproduce by spores, which are analogous to the flowering plant's seed; however, moss spores are single celled and more primitive than the seed. Spores are housed in the brown capsule. As the spores ripen they are dispersed from the capsule, and some land in areas where there is enough moisture for them to grow. The young moss looks like a very thin tangled mass of branching green hairs. Buds will appear next on the green hairs, from which tiny stalks and slim leafy gametophyte will grow. Mosses also have different mechanisms they use for acquiring nutrients. Some mosses are able to take up nutrients from water flowing over them, thus they have very effective absorptive surfaces. Other mosses, take nutrients directly from the soil or substrate on which they are growing and transfer the nutrients to their growing tips. Mosses can be found around hot springs, at the bottom of lakes, on rocks, and trees. And of course we know that mosses grow in moist temperate forests, mosses grow on our trees, sidewalks, garden, rooftops, and everywhere in between. The two main requirements of a moss are sufficient moisture and accessible nutrients.
Unknown to most of us, mosses actually have many uses, from ecological to medical with a suite of common household uses in between. They lay the foundations for other plant growth, prevent erosion, and contribute to the lush green appearance of many forested areas. Throughout history mosses have been used in horticulture because they are beneficial to the soil. Mosses increase the amount of water soil can store and improve soil's nutrient holding capacity.
Ferns (Pterydophyta)
Ferns have a vascular system to transport fluids through their bodies but like the mosses, they reproduce from spores. Ferns reproduce through primitive "seeds" called spores which are produced by the small pumps on the back of older leaves. The dark brown, tiny spores are single cells that will develop into plants if they land in the perfect environment. They have underground structure called rhizome, fleshy stem that grows horizontally, as a food-storing organ, beneath the surface of the ground, and enables a plant to reproduce itself.
Conifer (Gymnosperms)
The gymnosperms add the next level of complexity to plant evolution: they reproduce from seeds instead of spores. The seeds, however, are "naked" (Greek: gummnos) – they are not covered by fruit. Usually, the seed is produced inside a cone-like structure (female cone has brown color while male cone has yellow color in the picture above) such as a pine cone where comes the name "conifer." The seeds are inside the scale of female cone. Female cone has brown color while male cone has yellow color in the picture above. Some conifers, such as the Yew (cemara) and Ginko, produce their seeds inside a berry-like structure.
Conifers are fairly easy to identify: In addition to the cones, these trees and shrubs typically have needle-like, scale-like leaves. And they never have flowers.
Angiosperms
Angiosperms are the dominant members of the world's flora. Angiosperms are flowering and fruit producing plants. Angiosperms add the final improvement to plant reproduction: they grow their seeds inside an ovary (Greek: angeion = vessel) which is, itself, embedded in a flower. After it is fertilized, the flower falls away and the ovary swells to become a fruit. The angiosperms may be divided into the monocots (Monocotyledoneae) and the dicots (Dicotyledoneae).
Monocots have only one cotyledon, dicots have two cotyledons. A cotyledon contains stored food and serves as a food reservoir. Aside from the difference between the seeds of monocots and dicots there are other different structures that separate monocots and dicots. Monocots have long, narrow leaves with parallel veins (such as grasses).
The parts of monocot flowers are arranged in threes or in multiples of three. Dicots have broad leaves with branched veins (network vein)
Roots:
1. taproots, have a single large root that grows straight down, with numerous smaller lateral roots.→dicots
2. fibrous roots, smaller branching roots that consisting of resembling fibers→monocots
Monocots provide us with our primary sources of nutrition, supplying us and the animals we eat with grains such as wheat, oats, and corn, as well as fruits such as dates and bananas. 
Hibiscus:
Do it at your exercise book:
1. What is a plant?
2. What is vascular plant?
3. What is xylem?
4. What is phloem?
5. What are the characteristics of Bryophyta?
6. What are the characteristics of Pterydophyta?
7. What are the characteristics of Gymnospermae?
8. What are the characteristics of Angiospermae?
9. What are the differences between monocots and dicots?
10. What are the differences between mosses and ferns?
11. Give three examples for each number 5-9!
12. Where do they live (no 5-9)?
13. What is cotyledon?
14. What is rhizoid? In which group of plants do you find it?
15. What is a rhizome? In which group of plants do you find it?
Do it at your note book!
Make a diagram/brain storming of plant classification based on the article above!
Reference:
http://ar.aichi-u.ac.jp/ptt/lily.jpg
http://www.geocities.jp/sustaina2004/umepic/pic/2004/07syosyo/gagaimo_big.jpg
http://biology.clc.uc.edu/graphics/taxonomy/plants/spermatophyta/gymnosperms/
For further information, please send your email to miss.maria.irawati@gmail.com
They have no vascular system so must directly absorb water from the soil. Mosses have root-like rhizoids (rhizo = root; -oid = like, form) and leaf-like structures, but these are not true roots/leaves because they have no vascular system. Mosses reproduce by spores, which are analogous to the flowering plant's seed; however, moss spores are single celled and more primitive than the seed. Spores are housed in the brown capsule. As the spores ripen they are dispersed from the capsule, and some land in areas where there is enough moisture for them to grow. The young moss looks like a very thin tangled mass of branching green hairs. Buds will appear next on the green hairs, from which tiny stalks and slim leafy gametophyte will grow. Mosses also have different mechanisms they use for acquiring nutrients. Some mosses are able to take up nutrients from water flowing over them, thus they have very effective absorptive surfaces. Other mosses, take nutrients directly from the soil or substrate on which they are growing and transfer the nutrients to their growing tips. Mosses can be found around hot springs, at the bottom of lakes, on rocks, and trees. And of course we know that mosses grow in moist temperate forests, mosses grow on our trees, sidewalks, garden, rooftops, and everywhere in between. The two main requirements of a moss are sufficient moisture and accessible nutrients.
Unknown to most of us, mosses actually have many uses, from ecological to medical with a suite of common household uses in between. They lay the foundations for other plant growth, prevent erosion, and contribute to the lush green appearance of many forested areas. Throughout history mosses have been used in horticulture because they are beneficial to the soil. Mosses increase the amount of water soil can store and improve soil's nutrient holding capacity.
Ferns (Pterydophyta)
Ferns have a vascular system to transport fluids through their bodies but like the mosses, they reproduce from spores. Ferns reproduce through primitive "seeds" called spores which are produced by the small pumps on the back of older leaves. The dark brown, tiny spores are single cells that will develop into plants if they land in the perfect environment. They have underground structure called rhizome, fleshy stem that grows horizontally, as a food-storing organ, beneath the surface of the ground, and enables a plant to reproduce itself.
Conifer (Gymnosperms)
The gymnosperms add the next level of complexity to plant evolution: they reproduce from seeds instead of spores. The seeds, however, are "naked" (Greek: gummnos) – they are not covered by fruit. Usually, the seed is produced inside a cone-like structure (female cone has brown color while male cone has yellow color in the picture above) such as a pine cone where comes the name "conifer." The seeds are inside the scale of female cone. Female cone has brown color while male cone has yellow color in the picture above. Some conifers, such as the Yew (cemara) and Ginko, produce their seeds inside a berry-like structure.
Conifers are fairly easy to identify: In addition to the cones, these trees and shrubs typically have needle-like, scale-like leaves. And they never have flowers.
Angiosperms
Angiosperms are the dominant members of the world's flora. Angiosperms are flowering and fruit producing plants. Angiosperms add the final improvement to plant reproduction: they grow their seeds inside an ovary (Greek: angeion = vessel) which is, itself, embedded in a flower. After it is fertilized, the flower falls away and the ovary swells to become a fruit. The angiosperms may be divided into the monocots (Monocotyledoneae) and the dicots (Dicotyledoneae).
Monocots have only one cotyledon, dicots have two cotyledons. A cotyledon contains stored food and serves as a food reservoir. Aside from the difference between the seeds of monocots and dicots there are other different structures that separate monocots and dicots. Monocots have long, narrow leaves with parallel veins (such as grasses).
The parts of monocot flowers are arranged in threes or in multiples of three. Dicots have broad leaves with branched veins (network vein) The parts of dicot flowers are arranged in fours and fives or multiples of fours and fives. Monocots have soft stem while dicots usually woody.
Monocot has scattered vascular bundle arrangement, while dicot has vascular bundle arrange in a ring like shown in the picture below (monocot: left side, dicot: right side)
Roots:
1. taproots, have a single large root that grows straight down, with numerous smaller lateral roots.→dicots
2. fibrous roots, smaller branching roots that consisting of resembling fibers→monocots
Monocots provide us with our primary sources of nutrition, supplying us and the animals we eat with grains such as wheat, oats, and corn, as well as fruits such as dates and bananas.
Kingdom: Plantae
- Non Vascular Plant: Mosses (Division:Bryophyta): Don’t have xylem and phloem, have rhizoid
- Vascular plant:(Have xylem and phloem=vascular bundle)
2.a).Seedless plant: Ferns (Division: Pterydophyta ): Reproduce by spore, have rhizome
2.b).Seed Plant (Spermatophyta ): Reproduce by seed
2.b.i) Non Flowering Plants (Gymnospermae): Naked seed, seed in the female cone
2.b.ii)Flowering Plants (Angiospermae): Seed in fruits
Look at these flowers, based on their characteristics, they are belongs in which group of plant? Observe...^ ^
Lily:
Hibiscus:
Jasmine:
Do it at your exercise book:
1. What is a plant?
2. What is vascular plant?
3. What is xylem?
4. What is phloem?
5. What are the characteristics of Bryophyta?
6. What are the characteristics of Pterydophyta?
7. What are the characteristics of Gymnospermae?
8. What are the characteristics of Angiospermae?
9. What are the differences between monocots and dicots?
10. What are the differences between mosses and ferns?
11. Give three examples for each number 5-9!
12. Where do they live (no 5-9)?
13. What is cotyledon?
14. What is rhizoid? In which group of plants do you find it?
15. What is a rhizome? In which group of plants do you find it?
Do it at your note book!
Make a diagram/brain storming of plant classification based on the article above!
Reference:
http://ar.aichi-u.ac.jp/ptt/lily.jpg
http://www.geocities.jp/sustaina2004/umepic/pic/2004/07syosyo/gagaimo_big.jpg
http://biology.clc.uc.edu/graphics/taxonomy/plants/spermatophyta/gymnosperms/
http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_203/Images/FloweringPlants/MonocotDicotStemOverview.jpeg
For further information, please send your email to miss.maria.irawati@gmail.com
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